The Criminalization of Knowingly Transmitting AIDS :: Health Medicine

Table of Contents Brief history of AIDS and the criminalization of knowingly transmitting it.......................................3 Interviews concerning the issue............................4 Reasons for the criminalization of knowingly transmitting AIDS..................................................5 Reasons against the criminalization of knowingly transmitting AIDS.....................................7 My position and conclusion.................................8 Brief History of AIDS and the Criminalization of Knowingly Transmitting It Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The virus was discoverd independently in France in 1983 and in the United States in 1984. In the United States, it was initially identified in 1981. In 1986, a second virus, now called HIV- 2, was also discovered in Africa. HIV-2 also causes AIDS. AIDS is transmitted in three ways: From sexual contact without protection, from the mixing of ones blood with infected blood, and from an infected pregnant woman to her fetus. Infection can occur from blood transfusions of infected blood, or sharing 'dirty' needles. (Needles already used, in this case, by a HIV positive person.) The criminalization of intentionally spreading AIDS has been a big issue recently, and still remains so. As of September, 1991, legislation criminalizing AIDS transmission has been passed in 24 states. Among these states are California, Idaho, Ohio, Missouri, Michigan, and South Carolina. Under these current laws, it is a crime to knowingly transmit the virus through sex, sharing needles, donating infected blood, organs, or skin tissue. The first person to go to court under these laws in Michigan was Jeffrey Hanlon. Hanlon was a gay man who infected another man from Michigan while he was in New York. The American Civil Liberties Union, who agreed to take the case, agrued that the AIDS disclosure law is unconstitutional. Privacy of those with AIDS is what they were worried about. Opponents argued that "they're [those with AIDS] killing people. It's like rape." The maximum sentence Hanlon could have recieved was four years in prison and a $2000 fine. In addition, under the current New York State law, which dates back well before June, 1987, the knowing transmission of a venerial disease is a felony. However, at that time, and currently, AIDS was not classified as a venerial disease. Interviews Concerning the Issue Most people believe that the willful transmission of AIDS to others it virtually murder. I have interviewed **name** and **name**. Both of them feel that intentionally passing AIDS on to another person is murder.

Developed radical behaviourism Essay

Skinner (1904-1990) developed radical behaviourism. Skinner concerned himself only with scientific methods and only observable behaviour. Skinner believed that all behaviour is learnt from environmental consequences or operant conditioning. Skinner went on to assert that behaviour is more or less likely depending on the consequences as a result of that behaviour (reward/punishment). Skinner highlighted his theories with experiments on animals, mainly rats. Skinner devised an experiment in which a rat was put into a box where the pressing of a lever would release food for the rat to eat. The stimulus of hunger, led to the behaviour of pressing the bar, lead to the reward of food. The pressing of a bar for food is not normal rat behaviour so the rat had to be taught to do so. This showed that the rat pressed the bar for food, meaning that the rat had to operate on its environment to gain either reward or punishment. If the reward comes every time for the behaviour then the behaviour is permanently learnt, or ‘stamped in’. (Skinner, 1953) Ivan Pavlov developed classical conditioning. The main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is that classical conditioning concerns itself with behaviour that an animal already has. Pavlov conditioned a dog that already salivated at the sight of food to also salivate at the sound of a bell. This was achieved by Pavlov ringing a bell when ever the dog was about to be given food. This meant that the dog became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell (stimulus) to receive its food (reward). Pavlov and more so Skinner regard all behaviour as a product of the environment, as highlighted in these two experiments. Behaviourism had a key influence on psychology as a science. The use of scientific experiments led to psychologists focusing observable, objective measures of behaviour. This approach to psychology has a very practical use. The treatment of phobias takes its influence from behaviourist research, A phobic person can be conditioned to overcome their fear. The idea that people learn from their environment lead to educational policy being influenced as poor grades could be a result of poor educational environment. Behaviourism has received criticism for its denial of free will and the belief that people are simply the product of their environment. The behaviourist perspective that all behaviour is learnt from the environment was challenged when it was shown that people also learn through observing others and through insight. (Bandura, 1986) One shortcoming of the behaviourist perspective is that emotional and mental processes of the individual were not taken into account as they were not seen as an appropriate area of study as they could not be directly observed and objectified. (Pennington, 2002) Humanism emerged in the U.S.A. in the 1960s. The main proponents of this approach were Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Humanists believed that psychodynamics and behaviourism neglected key aspects as to what it is to be human, for example, only relying on scientific and observable methods neglected what it is to be human, humanists believed. Humanists also argued that the psychodynamics relied too much on the unconscious and childhood rather than the conscious mind and the here and now. The humanist approach is known as Phenomenological as it focuses on the human experience. Humanists believe that each person is unique and the focus of the approach is on the subjective feelings and emotions of individuals. This is referred to as ideographic, meaning that it focuses on the uniqueness of the individual rather than common laws or the similarity of personality. Humanists propose that humans do have free will and are not the sole product of their environment or childhood experiences. Humanists argue that people and personality should be viewed as a whole and that the breaking down of various aspects of personality results in the loss of the whole. Rogers (1902-1987) believed that all people have a tendency to self actualise, or attempt to reach their full potential. This can be anything from playing a sport to writing an essay. People self actualise in different ways and through different achievements. Rogers (1980) assumed that we need love from other people; he called this unconditional positive regard. This unconditional positive regard is seen in the unconditional love of a mother to a child. Rogers argued that this love is essential to well adjusted adults. He went on to state that many adult problems can be as a result of not receiving this positive regard. Using his theories Rogers developed client centred therapy, Rogers would treat his clients with unconditional positive regard so that he could restore their lack of it. Rogers believed that many adult problems arose when people’s concept of themselves were incongruent with their actual experiences. For example, someone may think that a football player played well in a game setting up two goals, but the player them self might not agree thinking that they should have scored at least once. Rogers believed that a balance between this self view and the view of the world led to satisfaction and incongruence leads to conflict. (Rogers, 1951) Humanism promotes the idea that humans have free will to choose how they act and behave, the idea of personal responsibility and the idea that humans do not just passively respond to environmental stimuli. The approach also recognises a person as having their own needs as an individual. The humanist approach adds validity to the subjective experience and feelings of the here and now.  Humanism rejects the scientific approach as this does not allow for thoughts and feelings to be taken into account. This has meant that little objective evidence is available. Humanists believe that the lack of objective material is not relevant as long as people benefit from the humanist approach to therapy, and lead better lives. (Pennington, 2002) Having looked at the three main approaches to psychology it can be seen that all three have differing views and approaches to the psychology field. Behaviourism is the more scientific approach that enabled the study of the mind to stand up against other sciences. Freud and psychodynamics was the first force of psychology that has got Freud the nickname ‘godfather of psychology’. Rogers drew on both behaviourism and psychodynamics to come up with theories of the ‘whole’ self. The study of the mind can not be categorised into just one field of study. To truly understand the psychology of the human psyche one must use all three approaches and even add their own interpretation to this ever expanding field of study. Can we ever truly understand our own mind? The search goes on.

Discussion Board, Jamie & Carolyn

In the world today, there are a lot of unfortunate people who are suffering due to the conditions that they find themselves in as a result of natural disasters or other unrelated issues. Every human being has the right to have a good life through education, healthy life and income stability. However, this can only be achieved by the existence of humanitarian organizations such as the United Way as some of the governments in these areas are not capable of providing the services. These humanitarian organizations are not profit making and this means that they survive on grants from other profit making organizations. As Smith et al. (2000, pg 285) says, it is necessary for nonprofit organizations to be honest and transparent in their finances. This is the only way that they will win trust of their donors who provide with finances which help them to achieve their mission. Transparency should not only be on their finances but should also be on the way they govern their organization and the people they hire to provide the services. (Smith et al, pg. 311, 330)Response to Carolyn PostingIt is the dream of every human being to have a better life. However, this can only be achieved if one has a constant income which can only provided by a good job. To get a good job, one needs to be educated so as to acquire the skills needed. However, as Smith et al, (2000, pg 309) says, education and skills are not the only things that are needed for a person to get that good job, there is a need to get the knowledge that will help you to prove to the employer that indeed you are the one who should get that job.These are the services that are offered by Goodwill Industries International Inc. Such services require one or the provider to be honest. This virtue can only be given by an organization that does not look forward to some gains from the client. Nonprofit organizations such as Goodwill Industries International Inc. are therefore known to train individuals with utmost good faith. T his is known to help them conduct humanitarian and other activities in any type of organization they may be in. (Smith et al, pg 288) ReferencesSmith, B. et al. (2000). The Complete Guide to Nonprofit Management. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Life Changingsurviving Life’s Unexpected Events

Jerry Bruneau October 26, 2010 Personal Narrative Essay Life ChangingSurviving Life’s Unexpected Events My life was outstanding after moving to Dallas. It was like something you read about in magazines or watch in a movie. I had the dream job, car, house, and social life. I worked as a bartender at the hottest nightclub in town and made a lot of money. I bought a beautifully restored 1961 Porsche, a lot like the one that James Dean had died in. My car had a pearl- white paint job, a red-leather interior, and aluminum alloy wheels with low-profile racing tires.I was living in a guesthouse on the estate of the nightclub owner; he lived in the mansion in front. We had parties there almost every night around the swimming pool. Suddenly the dream life I had known came to an unexpected and abrupt end. One night while driving home after work, I got into a terrible car accident. It was just after 2:30 a. m. when a brand-new Cadillac slammed into the passenger side of my car. The car h ad come out of nowhere and hit me so hard that the front-end of the car ended up where my gearshift had been. The impact was so intense that it bent my car in half like a horseshoe.It made me hit the windshield with my face, and broke my seat belt. There was so much blood! I could hardly see, not realizing at the time that I had knocked my left eye out of the socket. The pain was unimaginable! The only thing on my mind after the impact was that I wanted to get out of my car and kick this person’s ass. When I tried to open the door of my car, I realized I could not move my left arm. I could smell gas, and see smoke, and fire coming from the front end of his car. I yelled for someone to get me out of the car before it caught on fire. Several people had seen the accident.One man came with a fire extinguisher,; he managed to put the fire out quickly. I knew I would have to wait for the fire department and the ambulance to arrive before I could be removed from the car. The firefig hters arrived on the scene first. They used the Jaws of Life to pry open the driver’s door, attempting to remove me from the car. Then the paramedics arrived and took over. The first thing they did after giving me a quick look over was to inform me my left eye had been knocked out the socket. My eye was lying on my cheek and they needed to put it back in the socket. They told me this was going to be very ainful, and they would not be able to give me anything for the pain until I was at the hospital. They put something in my mouth that resembled a rubber dog bone, to keep me from biting my tongue, and endure the severe pain. After getting my eye back in the socket, they bandaged up my head, and. my face.. I could still see with my right eye, and I noticed the police had arrived. They were handcuffing a man in his late thirties or early forties, and putting him into the back of their police car. The man had just hit me with his car. The firefighters and paramedics tried to remo ve me from my car.I screamed out in pain and begged them to stop. I was pinned in the car. My legs and feet were tangled up with the clutch and brake pedals. They had to remove the driver’s door, the windshield, and the steering wheel. It took the firefighters and paramedics quite some time to free me from the vehicle. When they finally succeeded, I was rolled on a stretcher into the ambulance and raced towards the hospital. I remember the sirens screaming and the paramedic told me, â€Å"You’re going to be all right, just holding on. † Hell, I had a death grip on that stretcher.I was in excruciating pain it seemed like an eternity; however, I did have my rubber doggy bone to bite down on. It was only about fifteen minutes before we arrived at the hospital. They rushed me into the ER where a small army of nurses and doctors were already waiting for me. They started cutting away my clothing and inspecting me from head to foot. After they removed my clothing, I sa t up to see why my left leg hurt so intensely. I only got a quick glance before the nurses pushed me back down. My leg looked like it was put on backwards; my foot was facing the wrong direction, and it was the size of a football.It did not take them long to assess the amount of damage my body had received. The doctor in charge of the ER told me I needed surgery immediately, due to life-threatening injuries. He also told me that they might have to amputate my left leg. He wanted me to sign a waiver for them to do whatever surgeries I needed. â€Å"Do whatever you need to save my life, â€Å"I replied,† but I will not sign a waiver to have my left leg amputated. † I want to wake up in one piece, I told him. Then I was wheeled down the hall and up the elevator to the operating room. Once I was on the operating table, it only took a few moments for them to put me to sleep.Suddenly I woke feeling as if I was strangely floating above the operating table. I was watching them trying to shock me back to life. I remember thinking to myself, â€Å"I’m way too young to die! † I wondered how it would affect my family if I did. The next time I woke up, I was in the ICU with tubes coming out of me everywhere. Both legs were in traction, but I was still in one piece, thank God! The only thing I could move was my right arm. I used it to try to pull the tube out of my throat. I wanted to get someone’s attention. It did not take long; when I started to pull the tube out of my throat, all kinds of alarms went off.One of the nurses painstakingly finished removing the tube from my throat so that I could talk. A doctor came to my room and informed me of my current condition. Both hip joints were broken. My left kneecap was crushed and all the ligaments were torn. Both ankles were broken and all the bones in my left foot were crushed. They had managed to save my left leg from amputation; however, I would need more surgeries. They were going to fly two specialists in to finish the work on my leg;, I would have to sign a special waiver for experimental surgery.They also told me I would probably never walk again, at least not without crutches or a cane. A plastic surgeon stitched my face and head back together; plus some internal injuriesit took over 1,100 stitches. He did such a good job you would never know it to look at me today. Additional injuries included broken ribs and, which punctured both lungs, plus some internal injuries. I spent the next five or six months in the hospital. My rehabilitation was going excessively slow for me. They had just finished the last operation on my legs, and I was beginning to wonder if they were ever going to let me out.Then one night a friend of mine came by to visit, and we devised a plan to sneak me out the hospital. First, he found an orderly’s jacket and put it on. Then he put all my valuables into a laundry hamper and brought them out to his car. After that, he pulled his car ar ound to one of the side exits then came back to get me. He helped me into a wheelchair, snuck me out to his car, and drove me home. I spent the next three months rehabilitating myself at home. I had made up my mind that I did not care what any of the doctors had told me. I was going to do whatever it took, but I was going to walk again.In the beginning, I would hang off the diving board of the swimming pool just kicking, kicking my legs back and forth until I was in so much the pain andbecame unbearable. After two months, my legs were finally strong enough thto start walking around in the swimming pool after two months of this. I went back to the hospital after my recovery. They The doctors could not believe their eyes when they realized I walked in there they without the help of crutches or a cane. They never thought they would never see me again but, let alone see me walking. The doctor asked where I had been, so I told him the whole story.The doctor had to remove theforty metal s taples I had in and three screws from my legs. , which This was going to be extremely painful, since the skin had grown over the top of them. The doctor had to cut back the skin and pull them all out. I could not believe it when the nurse came up behind me and asked me to open my mouth, only to shove that dammed rubber doggy bone in my mouth. She said, â€Å"You’ll need this; it’s going to hurt a lot! † After the doctor was finished, he recommended that I go to a professional physical therapist to finish my rehabilitation, which I did.During my rehabilitation, I had a lot of free time on my hands. Therefore, I practiced flipping liquor bottles around until I perfected the tricks I had seen other bartenders do. Three months later, I was almost as good as new. I did not have any problems getting around at all. I went back to work and became one of the best bartenders in Dallas. In fact, I was voted the best bartender in Dallas five years in a row. This unexpected event had taken almost a year of my life. Not only did I survive, but also I made a complete recovery despite my doctors’ doubts.

Practical report on DNA Extraction Biological Science Assignment

Practical report on DNA Extraction Biological Science - Assignment Example This proved to be a successful method to extract DNA from a Kiwi fruit in a quantity that permit visualization without a high-power microscope. INTRODUCTION DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the basic structure of all living organisms (plants, animals, humans, microbes) and is present in the cells, especially in the cell nucleus. They are made from simple units known as ‘nucleotides’. Genes, which carry all information (structure, behavior, functions) of a cell or an organism, are made from long strands of DNA and this DNA is copied and inherited through generations from parent to the offspring. Hence, DNA is used in producing genetically modified plants and animals, in identifying variations/similarities of plant types, in medical research and in forensic medicine and in manufacturing pharmaceuticals (Jie, 2011). Isolated DNA from a tissue of a plant, animal, microbe or a human is therefore very useful since it provide much information about the individual, its characters and genetic background. There are many protocols of DNA extraction from an organism. Advanced techniques are needed to isolate DNA in a more pure form and require sophisticated equipment and specific chemicals. However, all these methods are based on three basic steps; i.e. separation and opening of cells chemically or mechanically to release DNA, purify DNA by removing proteins and other cell debris and finally, precipitation of DNA using an alcohol (Hoyle, 2011). If these basic steps are practiced, it should be possible to isolate DNA by following simple means and hence the objective of this study was to extract DNA from a Kiwi fruit using household items. MATERIALS AND METHODS A fruit of Kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa), otherwise known as ‘Chinese gooseberry’, was used to extract DNA. Outer skin of the fruit was peeled off and the fruit was chopped into small pieces using a knife. These pieces were put into a jar and mashed thoroughly to break open cells and enhance relea se of DNA. The Extraction buffer (Table 1) was added into fruit pulp and continued further mashing to enhance release of more DNA. Table 1. Composition of the extraction buffer Component Quantity Washing up liquid 5g Salt 2g Tap water 100ml All components were mixed and stirred slowly until salt was completely dissolved. This Kiwi - buffer mixture was then incubated at 600 C for 15 min. by carefully immersing the jar in a water bath. The water bath was prepared by filling a large basin with approximately equal volumes of normal tap water and boiling water from a kettle. The precise temperature was maintained by using a thermometer. After 15 minutes, the jar was removed from the water bath and the content was filtered through a fine sieve (coffee filter) into a fresh jar to separate Kiwi DNA from other cellular debris. Ice-cold alcohol was pre-prepared by freezing methylated spirit for a minimum of 30 min period and this was carefully poured down the inside of the jar containing Kiwi DNA suspension. RESULTS A yellow-green colored filtrate was observed after filtering the incubated mixture of fruit pulp and buffer. When ice-cold alcohol was added into this filtrate, a transparent layer was formed on top of the Kiwi mixture as alcohol has lesser density than the mixture. Gradually, a white substance began to appear at the bottom of the ice cold alcohol layer where it met the Kiwi DNA suspension. This white substance was Kiwi DNA and could be collected using a small spatula made from a curved paper clip. DISCUSSION Since all living

Plato Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Plato - Research Paper Example They even shared a common philosophical belief. Stated otherwise, medieval philosophy was a combination of principles from the three societies—the Greek East, Jewish and the Islamic. On the part of Greek East influence, there were many philosophers who served as the instrument to spread its ideology. The first one to heed this call was Socrates, followed by Plato (student of Socrates) then continued by Aristotle (student of Plato). A chain of influence was seemingly transferred from one generation to the other. With regard to Plato, he was able to influence the Middle Ages by his dialogues and creation of an academy. His academy was the â€Å"first institution of higher learning in the Western world† (â€Å"Plato†). On the other hand, Plato’s dialogues were observed to be mere reiteration of his teacher’s philosophy. The dialogues tackled both social and political issues of societies. Notably, during the Middle Ages, there was a call for a deviation from the path of classical learning. It was the period between the Classical Age and Renaissance (Hines). Europe then experienced a change of ideology within its society. The body politic that was once focused on Classical principles was transformed into a community that longed for new avenues towards development. Learning was made open to everyone interested. An emphasis was made with regard to education. Plato’s idea on education was revived but with modifications. Education was not just made available to certain class of people. The strict application of principles was then abrogated. The European community believed that an open access to education is advantageous to all its members. As such, scholars were allowed to use varied methods to institute learning. Moreover, administration of education was not just limited to government authorities. Religious congregations especially those who believe in Christianity have made their own schools. This became the starting point of the establishment

Case Summary and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Case Summary and Analysis - Essay Example Cannondale is a bicycle manufacturing company that supplies bicycles in 66 countries. The company has to manufacture numerous and varying models of bicycles ordered by their clients. The company environment is characterized by demand for numerous varying bicycle models that requires different parts. Therefore, the company has to make several orders, which are hard to track and monitor. This created the difficulty in overall performance of the company. The main challenge is the need to manage the numerous bills of materials (BOMs) required manufacturing the different models. Being an international company, the company is faced by complex demands due to the varying needs of the customers. The complexity of the clients’ needs made it difficult for Cannondale to deliver customized products to their customers resulting in customer dissatisfaction. Additionally, the company could not monitor its sales effectively (Rainer and Cegielski 378-379). The rapid response system enabled Cannondale to manage its demand and supply chain effectively. The ease in management was because the RapidSystem made it easy and fast for the company to track the demands from their customers and monitor their supplies. The RapidSystem processes the supply and demand data in an easy to interpret manner making it easy for the customer to manufacture bicycles that meet the demands of their customer in good time. The buyers would easily make orders. Additionally the managers and other planners would easily monitor the daily inventories and make appropriate schedules for production purposes. Financial reporting became easy since the financial managers would easily monitor the sales using the systems. Another impact of the RapidResponse was easing interactions between the different participants in the supply chain. It has made it possible for the participants to instant simulate and share other information crucial in enhancing the supplies. This is cruc ial in enabling the company and the